The U.S. National Security Strategy described Trump's vision as one of "flexible realism."
French President Emmanuel Macron said he had threatened Beijing with tariffs during his state visit to China if there was no action taken to reduce the country's ever-widening trade deficit with the European Union.
Germany's foreign minister plans to tackle critical issues such as rare earths and steel during an upcoming trip to China, he said on Sunday, highlighting the challenge for Berlin in dealing with what is both its top trading partner and major rival.